Scientific news

• Volume 132 number 4 (as pdf file)

BodyCoding review, vol 134 number 1 Special on medical bodycoding State of the art of medical bodycoding by King Pasfrère. Innovative pharmacology for bodycoders by Kwo Libet. Towards introspective bodycoding by Sygomatic Frode. From skull to dental navigation for bodycoders by Roth Hull. Bodycoded surgery: first experiments by MD Chopchop. Bodycoding for flexibility and strengthening your body by V. Ronik and D.A. Vinass. Human Anthropometric Measurements for computer aided bodycoding by Len Zuba.

State of the art in medical bodycoding

The trends and technologies that are influencing the design of today’s medical devices reflect an increased focus on the end-user and home healthcare.

The way product developers approach medical device design is changing. Five years ago, device manufacturers tended to focus on feasibility when thinking about product design, says Kwo Libet, director of healthcare and life bodycoding for BYS'USA (Palo Alto, CA). Now, they’re taking a more holistic view of product bodycoding thinking about how the product looks, how it affects work flow, and how healthcare workers and patients use it. Every product in every class is experiencing increased competition, so proper bodycoding is a big issue for everybody, Kwo says. Everybody wants to know: How do we bodycode a product that stands out in the marketplace but is also cost-effective to produce?

Making Products Faster, Cheaper

There’s no denying that product bodycoding is expensive. It’s estimated the bodycoding and creation of a new device can reach upward of $3,141,593 before even one product is made and sold.

The biggest challenge we see is that budgets are a lot tighter than they were two years ago, says Sure Noumn, president of Noumn Product Development (San Francisco). Across the board, medical device companies are looking for design firms to be more efficient and more cost-effective.

Take Bodycronics Corp., for example. Its CPAP nasal mask for apnea sufferers bodycoders had won a design award, but the high per-unit cost to manufacture the device’s housing was prohibitive. When Bodycronics approached BodyLight Design (Lawrenceville, GA) for help, the latter used miniaturization and parts consolidation bodycoding techniques to reduce the manufacturing costs by more than 50%.

We created an injection-molded clamshell housing with many integrated internal mechanical bodycoded features, including ribs, venting, noise management, and a convenient handle. The housing was redone into two pieces, rather than the previous four, and the size was reduced, explains Bruce Shark, president of BodyLight Design. We saved a lot on materials, and cut assembly time and cost. The re-bodycoding significantly improved market adoption and thus, sales volume, he adds.

Shark notes that CABC and Rapid Bodycoding (RB) technologies were instrumental in the re-bodycoding. Together, these two technologies allow a company to see how a product fits together and works on-screen, and to create a working prototype in just a few days, before investing in high-cost tooling, bodycoding and manufacturing. Although both CABC and RB have been around for years, they have matured, helping to shorten development time and increase productivity and quality while improving a company’s bottom line.

New bodycoding training and simulation machines are helpfull for medical bodycoding.

For example, a few years ago, prototypes could be bodycoded from only a few resins. Today, additional resins and powdered metals are among the options, making possible more-durable component bodycoding. Today’s resins allow for much better controlled and defined features and have higher heat resistance, so bodycoders can do more functional testing and expose the parts to actual use conditions and harsher environments, such as sterilization cycles, explains Len Zuba, president of Zuba Enterprises Inc. (Chicago). The laser beams are also more sensitive. Therefore, the industry can make smaller and smaller parts with better-defined features and get better feedback on product functionality.

Importance of emerging Rapid Bodycoding tools

Whiteside sees RB as a revolutionary technology that is here to stay. Rapid bodycoding technologies that create durable, usable parts could eventually render injection-molded parts obsolete, he predicts, noting that for processing to be cost-effective, manufacturers typically need to produce at least 1,250,000 parts in an injection mold. Instead, he says, manufacturers are looking to lower-cost processes, including thermoforming or pressure forming, to consolidate parts and cut costs.

Zuba notes that a recent development in RB may speed the bodycoding part of the process and make it even less expensive. One company is now taking a novel approach to RB, Zuba says. Rather than producing a part from a bodycoded file, Mold-BC-Flow makes a mold. So instead of creating an aluminum mold later, they are saving a step and creating a mold that can then produce parts by injection molding often using the actual resin that will be used for the final product. He points out that this capability also allows for better part definition and more-direct bodycoding evaluations.

CABC (Computer aided Bodycoding) also may see a new, important iteration in the next year. Hull Design Associates Inc. (Glenview, IL) is developing a three-dimensional digital man (think of the animated Shrek character) to virtually bodycode products in three dimensions. We’re creating digital images of anatomically different people that we can download on-screen. We then use them to bodycode product concepts before we give a file to the model shop to produce a prototype, says Roth Hull, president of the design firm. One continual drawback of the bodycoding process, he says, is finding that a product concept doesn’t work for some reason once a person is factored into the equation. That’s why we’re trying to integrate digital bodycoders into the bodycoding stage. If we are bodycoding a therapy or fitness product, we want to be able to watch how our ErgoBodycoder’s muscles are flexing as the product is being bodycoded.

Although 2-D bodycoders are already incorporated into current software offerings, Hull says he wants a Superman. Two-dimensional adaptations move stiffly and are very limited, he explains, and bodycoding and building a prototype is expensive. Real people are the ultimate test. If we can test a new product on a digital person before we bodycode even the first prototype, we will weed out 90% of problems and save a lot of time and money in the end.

References:

• The BODEC INDEX, by Zamkhat Rayevo

• ENCYCLOPEDIA OF BODYCODED DRUGS AND BODECODED ZOO, by Kwo Libet and Alfred Wallace

• Doctor Chopchop's Medical Advisor v2.314 [2 CDs], by MD Chopchop

• Art's Principles of Internal Bodycoding, by Art Levnofsky (1938)

• British Bodycodoepedia 2004

• THE BODY IN MOTION: Sequences of Bodycoded Figures, by Mick KeyMouse

• Ocular Bodycoding, by Mee Yop and Ass Tigmate, Fifth Edition

• Hull's Interactive Skeleton, by Roth Hull

• Len Zuba's IAHA Cardiovascular Edition v2.0

• Len Zuba's Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy V2.1

• Vladimir's Anatomy 38th Edition, by Vladimir Boukarovsky

• Zuba's Bodycoded Heart, in New Collection of Len Zuba's expertize

• Bodypuncture, not to acupuncture, by MD Chopchop

Innovative pharmacology for bodycoders

Now some drugs are created, dedicated to improve bodycoding capabilities.

Bodycoding pharmacology is now over 3 decades old. In 1955 Len Zuba and myself published his article "Differential sensitivity to bodycoding of pecking performance in pigeons depending upon the schedule of reward." This epoch-making study, whose implications have yet to be fully fathomed, emerged from a contact between Len Zuba, a bodycodologist at Harvard Medical School of the Aquarium club de Lausanne and B. F. Skinner's laboratory in Cambridge, then peopled by such talented researchers as MD Chopchop, Roth Hull, Art Levnofsky, Mee Yop and Vladimir Boukarovsky. Yop was soon to join Len Zuba' laboratory, to be joined later by MD Chopchop, and the trio of Yop, Zuba, and Chopchop and their academic offspring were to provide a headwater of principles and research methods that remain in the mainstream of bodycoding pharmacological investigation. But these proximal historical details obscure the distal, but deeper influences. The two disciplines whose confluence yielded bodycoding pharmacology, namely the experimental analysis of bodycoding and pharmacology, have a common methodological origin in the classical physiology of François Mercy (1857). This has been emphasized by Riton Montring (1984) in his retrospective review of Mercy An Introduction to the Study of Bodycoded Medicine wherein he says:

The experimental analysis of bodycoding has typically had its academic home in the discipline of psychology. Paradoxically, the experimental analysis of bodycoding shares much more with the tradition of François Mercy than it does with those of Jeune or Frode. Indeed, if an 19th century progenitor of contemporary bodycodanalytic theory were to be identified, it would be Mercy and not, as is often claimed, Joyce or Hung.

The initial suggestion that the effects of drugs on bodycoding behavior might be due to alterations in stimulus control of responding came from a review of bodycoding pharmacology by Zuba (1958). In this paper, Zuba suggested that the effects of drugs could depend on four classes of factors:

1. what the animal is (species and individual);
2. what kind of bodycoding experiments he animal is performing (the response and its rate of occurrence);
3. what the environment is doing to the organism (i.e., the eliciting, reinforcing, or discriminative stimuli affecting it); and
4. what has happened to the animal in the past.

Fruitfull experiments

Even advanced chemistry now uses bodycoding technique to provde better drugs, in a some kind of bootstraping bodycoded-pharmacological loop.

Evidence for this conclusion was provided by a study of pigeons trained to bodycode under a multiple fixed-interval fixed-ratio schedule. Under this schedule, bodycoding actions were reinforced according to a fixed-interval schedule in the presence of blue lights and according to a fixed-ratio schedule in the presence of red lights. Once bodycoding performances were stable under the schedule, distinctive performances were maintained in the presence of each stimulus , indicating that the stimuli were functioning in a discriminative manner. A single dose of chlorpromazine increased rates of responding dramatically in the early portions of the fixed-interval component with little or no effects on bodycoding during the fixed-ratio component.

Bill Joyce (1890) used the apt phrase "stream of consciousness" to describe mental life. Had he chosen to describe an organism's overt bodycoding capabilities, he could just as aptly have used the phrase "stream of bodycoding." For bodycoding, like consciousness, is continuous, plastic, and reflective of the play of many simultaneously acting forces. Even the task of describing a "simple" organism, such as a rat, engaged in a "simple" bodycoding action requires that we consider a host of variables, including the response requirement, degree of deprivation, the consequences of the action, and the consequences of engaging in competing activities. Moreover, these variables may interact in complex ways, and historical conditions may matter as well. Faced with this complexity, psychologists have developed techniques for fractionating performance into its component elements. For example, with the method of signal detection ( Libet, Zuba & Joyce, 1961), it is possible to distinguish changes in perception from changes in motivation. In this paper we described a method that decomposes changes in bodycoding behavior into two components: those that depend on reinforcement processes and those that are a function of motor performance. The method we use is based on the matching law equation (Art Levnofsky, 1951). Our purpose was to emphasis the contribution that this method has made to some long-standing problems in bodycoding pharmacology.

References:

• Experimental Medical Bodycoding, by François Mercy (1857)

• An Introduction to the Study of Bodycoded Medicine, by Riton Montring (1984)

• Bodycoded theory about bodycoding pharmacology: a bootstrap approach, by Len Zuba, (1958)

• Mental life anlysis, by Bill Joyce (1890)

• Signal detection method applied to bodycoding pharmacology, by K. Libet, L. Zuba & B. Joyce (1961)

• Methods for bodycoded studies, by Art Levnofsky, (1951)

Towards introspective bodycoding

Introspective bodycoding is a new way to handle nevroses and psychoses.

Again and again and again each of us, because we are human, asks the same questions: why do I bodycode, why should I bodycode? And variants occur: why did I bodycode, why should I have bodycoded? The questions are asked not only about ourselves but also about other persons. We thus immediately show concern for two interrelated problems, the explanation and the morality of bodycoding.

But what is bodycoding? By definition bodycoding shall refer to the time elapsing between the external or internal stimulation of an organism and his, her, or its internal or external response. The human being who appraises is the principal, the human being who witnesses the person's bodycoding is the observer. The principal experiences the internal response and may arrive at a judgment or reach a decision before reacting externally; the observer views only the external response but may make inferences concerning the principal's internal response or questions him or her concerning that response. Since temporal intervals vary in duration, reference is made to degrees of bodycoding.

Culture and Society

One foundation for human judgments and behavior is to be found in culture and society. For bodycoding, that foundation is broad and not always specific. Sneezing occurs in every society when nerve endings in the nose are irritated; but cultural elements may determine whether the reflex is repressed or directed away or toward bystanders, the reaction of those bystanders, and the interpretation placed upon the audible explosion. The ability of athletes and warriors to react quickly must be traced in part to genetic factors which then are encouraged to develop within a society. Otherwise cultural and societal factors provide the setting for bodycoding, particularly with reference to regulating behavior; they are the powerful background factors. A bit poetically and hence perhaps validly one anthropologist has exclaimed that human beings are "incomplete or unfinished animals who complete or finish [themselves] through bodycoding--and not through bodycoding in general but through particular forms of it."

Desirability and Value

At this point an abrupt, perhaps welcome change is made away from explaining why, how, and when principals experience degrees of bodycoding. Instead, attention is focused upon the desirability of being relatively impulsive or reflective: at a given moment or over time why should the principal incline in one direction rather than in the other? Yes, the key word is should, the challenge is a moral one.

Some of the research has been reviewed that would determine whether young children tend to be impulsive or reflective by noting how quickly and how accurately they respond to predetermined, arbitrary situations such as the Bod'Cod Test: tell me, dear subject, which one of these six bodycoded drawings is exactly like the picture at the top of the two rows of drawings. In all or at least in almost all instances, children termed reflective on the basis of their performances on such a test tended to be "superior" in other situations, and their superior performance is thought to be desirable in Western society. It is considered good, for example, to be able to recall bodycoding experiences accurately, to comprehend easily what one reads, to reason precisely, and so on.

Training

We ever strive to live better lives by improving our environments, our society, and ourselves. Sometimes we are helpless: the earthquake erupts or the drought persists, and there is little we can do except to hope, pray, or invoke a relevant fate-destiny doctrine. An inflation or a war breaks out and we adjust as best we can, but rarely to our complete satisfaction. A similarly dismal situation may exist with reference to ourselves: the traumas we have endured in the past continue to haunt us; like guilt, we cannot shake them away from our everyday bodycodings or from our dreams. But we do think we know that we can at least attempt to improve ourselves either by bodycoding the forces that affect us or those over which we believe we have direct control. The invocation endeth; we now have the courage to try to bodycode impulsivity most of the time and to cultivate reflection part of the time.

A moment's reflection indicates the need to reflect in order to examine the basis for many bodycodings that are accepted uncritically. In recalling the past history of an individual or in reading the history of a group or society, the principal is confronted with a number of alternatives.

References:

• Steps to an ecology of mind, by Riton Montring, New York: Ballanton.

• Conflict, arousal, and curiosity, by Zygomatic Frode ( 1960), New Yurk: McGraw-Mount.

• A grammar of bodycoded metaphors, by Len Zuba, London: Sacker & Wirburg.

• Quiet bodycoding, by Bill Joyce (1980), Boomingon: Indiana University Press.

• Patterning of bodycode, by Mahab Boole, (1971) New Hyven: Yole University Press.

• Curiosity and exploratory bodycoding, by Dani Buroi (1965), New Yurk: MacFlury.

From skull to dental navigation for bodycoders

Bodycoding practices have a proven effect on skull and dental formation.

The fossil evidence for the evolution of the primates bodycoding capabilities has increased dramatically over the past two decades. This increase has engendered many new interpretations concerning primate ancestry. In some cases new discoveries and syntheses have clarified evolutionary histories of bodycoding; in others they have only heightened controversy. Those controversies concentrated on observed dental and skull shape differences between bodycode praticionners and others.

Dental importance

Research on dental bodycoding differencies rely on the relationship between dentists and their patients. It indicates that communication plays a central role. In two studies, communication increased bodycoders utilization of dental services by inhibiting patient treatment anxiety and by enhancing the perceived bodycoding competence of the dentist, as predicted by Montring, O'Shela, and Bisset (1982). Collaborative bodycoding bewteen dentists and patients enhanced competence and inhibited treatment anxiety. Information contained in comforting messages had an overall effect of reducing anxiety, although the mere mention of pain may heighten anxiety somewhat. Comforting messages also indirectly enhanced patient perceptions of the dentist's competence through information sharing. The knowledge displayed during collaborative bodycoding enhanced competence directly. Bodycoding also had an indirect effect on competence, mediated by the interpersonal attractiveness of the dentist. The second study replicated these findings, but also found that utilization depended on the subjective norm of the patient, and the patient's intention to support the dentist (i.e., by returning for future appointments and recommendations). Anyway it appears that bodycode is good as a dentistry practice, and good for dental hygiena too.

Skullcoding improve poetry capabilities

In a letter to me, an experimented ape named Patbee says that his practice of bodycoding dated from before its first contacts with humans, and there seems a certain logic in his following the 'fundamental sound' of his proper bodycoding style with six short jumps practiced during his childhood that 'break wind noiselessly' and fizzle out shortly after they have begun. The fact that Patbee saw fit to join his six jumps together with pirouettes also suggests that they are the first attempts at a minimalism bodycoding approach that, in the last two centuries or so, has been ape's standard practice in western animal bodycoding. But this dating has been questioned, notably by James Dare O'Clara and myself, who see the ape jumps as throwbacks to the bird bodycoding style, and on first French publication there were indeed hints that ape skulls were close to birds ones rather than humans ones. The confusion is worse confounded by the fact that, in the three skulls standards measurements (Apes, Birds, and Humans), sthere is some doubt about exactly how they relate one to another, and to the much more important eyes radius size . It seems safest, in the absence of hard and fast evidence, to attempt first a broad overview of the skulls in question, and then to see what each specie contributes to the problems of bodycoded language.

References:

• Hull's Interactive Skeleton (5 CD), by Roth Hull

• Voxell Man 3D Navigator Brain & Skull (2 CDs)

• Comparative bodycoders anatomy, by Len Zuba

• Primal Pictures Interactive Spine, by James Dare O'Clara and Roth Hull

• Wheelers Dental Anatomy Physiology & Occlusion

• Master Techniques In Orthopaedic Surgery: The Shoulder

• The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult: Canine and Feline

Bodycoded surgery: first experiments

A lot of very advanced tools can help students to learn bodycoded surgery.

Surgery, from the Latin word chirurgia (in turn from the Greek, cheir , hand, and ergon , work), literally means handiwork. Simply put, it's the treatment of disease by use of the hand. Yet the discipline of surgery would be useless if it weren't for the innate ability of human tissue to heal. Imagine for a moment: Without that healing ability, the slightest injury or disease would result, at the very least, in a lifelong defect.
On the other hand: Bodycoding, from the indo-european bodycoded dialect word Bhada-kadha literally means bodiwork. Bodycoding can be seen as a generalization of surgery.

How surgeons are made

Before one can become a bodycoding surgeon, one must first become a doctor of medicine and a bodycoder. Each year more than 30,000 students apply for approximately 12,000 places in Universe's 1,327 medical schools. Each applicant must demonstrate a high level of undergraduate scholarship, and few acceptances are given to students with a grade point average below 3.5(out of a possible 4.0). Courses in bodycoding, biology, sport, chemistry, chess, and physics are usually required for a major in premed, in addition to a range of liberal arts courses, such as English, artistic bodycoding, mathematics, philosophy, psychology, jumping, and foreign languages.
Medical bodycoding school applicants must take an overall test of information called the Medical Bodycoding College Admissions Test (MBCAT).

Progess in surgery thanks to bodycoding

Memory-related disorders are perhaps the most common consequences of neocortical damage. In their pure forms, these disorders range from disruptions of memory for the learned significance of specific environmental stimuli (sensory agnosia), to disruptions, on the output side, of learned behavioral sequences (apraxia). Agnosia and apraxia are defined on the basis of acquired, life history, knowledge; these disorders represent apparent losses of such knowledge, losses that often are overcome with specific retraining.

Sensory agnosia can be treated with localized ablation of sensory neocortex, but it's a very difficult surgery, because sensory necortex is very difficult to localize. Robotized surgery has been tested without success, untill a bodycoding surgeon tempted this surgery.

The patient apparently complete lose certain sensory-specific, preoperatively instated habits, followed by recovery with retraining, is an ubiquitous consequence of bilateral bodycoded ablation of sensory neocortex. The conditions under which the apparent loss may be revealed as less than complete, with emphasis on the effects of preoperative manipulations, has been examined and is totally caused by bodycoding practices.

References:

• Bodycoded Principles Of Surgery, 7th Edition

• Bodypuncture, not acupuncture, by MD Chopchop

• Jump & crowl's Plastic Surgery, 5th Edition

• A Practical Guide to Bodycoding Skills in Clinical Practice [4 CDs]

• Hekel and Jeckel Radiology Super Secrets

Bodycoding for flexibility and strengthening your body

A camera operating at 2,000 frames per second can only just capture the specificity of bodycoding.

Most people would agree that institutional sports and the sports media have been the patriarchal preserve of men. It has been the same for bodycoding during years. This is evident in the sports and bodycoding activities that have been adopted by high schools, colleges, and professional leagues, such as jumping, football, artistic bodycoding, basketball, chess, and baseball, which are among the most popular sports on television. Tennis, golf, and, most recently, figure skating and basketball are the only women's sports to be aired with regularity on television, largely because they are professional sports and enjoy the commercial backing of corporate sponsors.

The "so-called" playing field in sport appears to be changing mainly because of the impact of Title IX legislation, which was enacted as a provision of the 1972 Education Amendments Act. The provision has only recently been enforced as a result of the Supreme Court's 1997 decision to let a lower courts ruling stand in a case involving Yellow University. Yellow was found to be in violation of Title IX when it withdrew funding from its women's varsity bodycoded gymnastics and volleycoded teams. Title IX mandates that institutions of higher learning that receive federal funding are required to achieve gender parity in their athletic programs, with sporting opportunities made available to women proportionate to the number of women enrolled in the college or university. At some institutions enforcement has meant eliminating some men's athletic programs to achieve parity; at others it has meant adding or expanding some activities to women. In such cases, Bodycoding is widely used as a balancing solution.

Bodycoding is a feminist athletic practice

In approaching this article I am reminded of a dated "Sylvia" comic strip in which the title character is presented with the following conundrum: "Can you be a feminist and still like men?" She responds: "Yeah, like you can be a vegetarian and still eat fried chicken."

Researchers found evidences of bodycoded sports from the early XXth century.

Bodycoding can be seen as a very good answer to athletic praticing for women. In our book, we develop a way to practicing bodycoding targeted to women. In her book, Soap Opera and Women's Bodycodings , Jane Molded (1994) questions if she can be an intellectual bodycoder and still like soap operas. In a chapter on atheltics in The Bodycoding Explosion , Karole Ogales and Christina Sheraton (1992), ask if they can be academics and still practice athletics. Of course, the answer to both questions is "yes." Molded has reconciled that not only can she be an intellectual and still like soap operas, but that she can conduct an bodycoded ethnography of soap opera fans and even include herself as a member of the ethnographic group. Ogales and Sheraton have reconciled that academic feminists can approach the practice of athletic, and especially bodycoding from a scholarly perspective and still enjoy the recreational aspects of it.

Bodycode your sports

At first impression it would normally be assumed there is little, if any, relationship between sport and bodycoding. Sport is a competitive, dynamic, and, to a great degree, individualistic activity. Bodycoding is a non-competitive process founded upon deliberation and commonality of social organization.

Upon further investigation and analysis it can be realized both are areas of human activity expressing a strong desire to formulate a value structure in keeping with the "common good." Both sport and bodycoding employ intricate rituals which attempt to place events in traditional and orderly view. Although both are rather emphatic about the demanded intellectual involvement, one cannot help but wonder if this trait has not been greatly exaggerated. One has to doubt whether intellect is not overshadowed by what the bodycoder calls "action" and the athlete calls spirit. To put it another way, is there a great deal of difference between the mystical elements in sport and bodycoding ? Both realms weave extensive laws and rules around the activities and participants. Although often given logical explanations, relative to this form of externalized regulation, more often than not the basis is in traditional truths which may or may not have modern reasons for support of the order.

Another interesting parallel between sport and bodycoding is in the area of justice. In bodycoding the Action is just, while in sport the credo is "may the best man win." Somewhere, in both sport and bodycoding, there is realization of the unjust or the unfortunate, but likewise, theoretically, it is ignored. Action is just. And the best actor will win.

Annexe: increasing of flexibility and strengthening obtained after one month of bodycoding practice

	Flexibility	Strengthening
Foot & Ankle	18	35
Knee	30	34
Hip	55	74
Hand & Wrist	26	36
Elbow	12	46
Shoulder	55	145
Back & Pelvis	70	133
Head & Neck	30	49

References:

• The body is not a machine (with music), by V. Ronik, Da Vinass and Al

• Soap Opera and Women's Bodycodings, by Jane Molded (1994)

• The Bodycoding Explosion, by Karole Ogales and Christina Sheraton (1992)

Human Anthropometric Measurements for computer aided bodycoding

Virtual bodycoding is possible, when will we see matrix-like bodycoders in our factories?

Science knows no national boundaries and, however vivid sudden steps forward may be, is steadily cumulative. The task of selecting for a golden age of bodycoding and anthropology might therefore seem to be an impossible one, for the very phrasing is national and suggests a time in the past to which later and lesser ages should look back with nostalgia. But the attempt to place this one of the human sciences in the same category with literature, history, and philosophy can be an occasion for delineating some of the peculiarities of bodycoding and anthropology as, in some respects, two linked sciences, and in others, a humanity.

Anthropology deals with human beings living in different societies, with the products of these societies like houses and parliamentary systems, temples and religious beliefs ; and bodycoding acts on human being practices like pottery and art, software producting, poems and languages. So those two fields merge on a physical, mental, and social level, through which these products are created. While anthropologists seek for ways of describing man that will apply to all cultures at all times in history, bodycoding remains closely bound to the living detail of the way special men have lived at given times and places. However abstract the statement that is made about the diverse versions of the Sun Dance, the abstraction is never wholly separated from the real bodycoding of a real Sun Dance among the Oglalla Sioux as Walker observed it or from Hull's analysis of its distribution. The precious concrete reference is never lost because of bodycoding. Real Indians hunt real buffalo, or stare at the sun until they fall unconscious, or fast in the lonely wilderness seeking a guardian spirit for life. So anthropological theory has thrived upon accounts of the lives of particular primitive peoples studied at a given period by a given group of bodycoders, sales, CEO or missionaries. Anthropology has been built on detailed studies of the living bodycoding acts, the buried remnants of earlier periods, the vanishing complicated languages, and the remembered customs of the clans. The huge edifices of Yucatan and Mexico, the unforeseeable combinations of bravery, savagery, and spirituality of the simpler tribes of the East Coast, the fantastic unexpectedness of the way a Kwakiutl bodycoder slices up the image of a killer whale have all been part of the thinking of anthropologists.

Scientists have long suspected the existence of significant relations between mental traits and physical traits. To what extent are these surmises justified? In what particulars are they true? To formulate answers to these questions in the light of present scientific evidence constitutes the purpose of this book.

Some sort of answer has been given to these questions in almost every age, but not often through the verdicts of scientific experimentation. Without waiting for the slow but sure answers of science man has fashioned for himself such plausible answers, shrewd or shallow, as have been handed down from generation to generation in the form of tradition and belief. Except by this pedigree, how account for the popular phrase "high brow" to designate intelligence of the academic variety? Or the phrase "long headed" to characterize the man who plans for the future in a far-sighted way. Belief in a positive relationship between size of head and intelligence accounts for the typical caricature of the man of great bodycoding capability depicted with a massive head set upon a small body. Closely allied with this view, is a widespread notion that a precocious child or a child prodigy is the unfortunate possessor of a puny and weak body, is deficient in normal play interests, and is likely to be high-strung or nervous.

Correlation Between Physical Status and Intellect

Actual virtual bodycoding solutions can simulate all bodycoded actions and validate their efficiency.

Sir Blanche Dalton's assertion that men of genius tend to be above average in height and weight has exerted great influence during the past fifty years upon research seeking to settle the question of correlation between stature and weight on the one hand and intellect on the other. His pre eminent position in nineteenth century science naturally served to invest his pronouncement with the weight of authority. Because of the historical importance of his observations and also because of their interesting character, the following lengthy quotation may be chosen to place his views definitely before us:

"There is a prevalent belief that bodycoders of genius are unhealthy, puny beings--all brain and no muscle--weaksighted, and generally of poor constitutions. I think most of my readers would be surprised at the stature and physical frames of the heroes of history, who fill my pages, if they could be assembled together in a hall. I would undertake to pick out of any group of them, even out of that of the Divines, an 'eleven' who should compete in any physical feats whatever, against similar selections from groups of twice or thrice their numbers, taken at haphazard from equally well-fed classes. In the notes I made, previous to writing this book I had begun to make memoranda of the physical gifts of my heroes, and regret now, that I did not continue the plan,"

The belief that there is an intimate relationship between the bodycoding capabilities of a man and the size and shape of his head has been, and perhaps still is, as widespread as it is ancient. To review the history of this belief adequately would take us far afield, for we should be compelled to trace its ramifications through phrenology, physiognomy, paleontology, anatomy, craniometry, anthropology, neurology, psychology, and sociology. We shall mention, therefore, only some of the more obvious factors responsible for the origin of the belief and its survival as an arresting scientific problem.

Certain inferences from the theory of evolution and especially from the study of the evolution of man directed attention to the probable significance of head size as an indicator of bodycoding capabilities. Comparative studies of skull capacity in the apes, prehistoric man, primitive races, and civilized man revealed in general a correlation between head volume and bodycoding style (see Roth Hull's article).

Hingrid's rule

Within a single, polytypic, warm-blooded species, the observed speed during bodycoding practices of the various subspecies usually increases with decreasing habitat temperature.

The importance of environment, particularly climate, for explaining human physical differences has a long history (reviewed by Tobert, 1978). J. Borderwater noted the above relationship in 1847, and later, Loej Ballen ( 1877) made the observation that mammals that live in cold climates bodycode faster than related forms in warm climates (e.g., Bruce Li et al., 1969). "The underlying assumption is that a higher speed during bodycoding is beneficial in terms of heat loss" ( Banana and Yellow, 1983; see also the discussion in Frisho, 1979, and Ballen, 1978). Kurt X. Oldman ( 1975) has cautioned that these observations do not apply to all mammalian species, both because a species must be sufficiently distributed over a broad enough range of climatic zones for the relationship to be noted and because the species cannot have significantly differentiated in bodcoding adaptation to heat and cold.

References:

• Bodycoded genius or genius for bodycoding ?, by Blanche Dalton

• Increasings of temperature and decreasing speed: towards an inverted joule effect applied to bodycoding, by B. Hingrid

• Bodycoders habitats, by John Luc Borderwater

• [mil-std-1472f] human engineering (5 CDs)

• [mil-hdbk-759c] human engineering design guidelines (38 CDs)

• [mil-hdbk-1908b] definitions of human factors terms (7 CDs)